Further Mathematics · Pearson Edexcel 9FM0 · Option FP2 · Topic 1

Groups

Groups: sets with an operation that follow four rules. You use Cayley tables, orders, subgroups, Lagrange's theorem and isomorphisms.

  • 5 sub-topics
  • Taught in Year 13
  • 64 practice questions
  • 5 animated lessons
Practice questions (64) Lessons Worksheets All Edexcel Further Mathematics topics

What the specification says

Every sub-topic Pearson Edexcel can examine in this topic, with its reference number from the official specification. The Y12 and Y13 tags show when each sub-topic is usually taught.

  1. 1.1Group axiomsY13
  2. 1.2Examples of groups and Cayley tablesY13
  3. 1.3Order and subgroupsY13
  4. 1.4Lagrange's theoremY13
  5. 1.5IsomorphismY13

Try 3 questions

Easy, medium and hard questions from this topic, each with a worked solutions and the mark for every step. All 64 questions in this topic, free, no account needed.

Groups

Not needed for Year 12Easy

Cayley table · Year 13 · 2 marks

  1. Construct the Cayley table for addition modulo 4 on {0, …, 3} and state the identity.
    (2)
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  1. Each row is a cyclic shift of 0, 1, …
  2. Identity 0.

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Groups

Not needed for Year 12Medium

Group axioms · Year 13 · 7 marks

The set GG consists of the integers in {1,2,…,14}\{1, 2, \dots, 14\} that have no factor in common with 15, under multiplication modulo 15.
  1. (a)
    List the elements of GG.
    (1)
  2. (b)
    Show that GG is a group.
    (5)
  3. (c)
    Explain why the set {0,1,2,…,14}\{0, 1, 2, \dots, 14\} is not a group under multiplication modulo 15.
    (1)
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Part (a)1 mark

  1. {1,2,4,7,8,11,13,14}\{1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14\}

Part (b)5 marks

  1. Each axiom must be stated and justified.Closure: if aa and bb have no factor in common with 15, neither does ab, and so neither does its remainder.
  2. identity=1\text{identity} = 1
  3. Every element has an inverse in GG.1−11^{-1}=1, 2−1{}= 1, \ 2^{-1}=8, 4−1{}= 8, \ 4^{-1}=4, 7−1{}= 4, \ 7^{-1}=13, 8−1{}= 13, \ 8^{-1}=2, 11−1{}= 2, \ 11^{-1}=11, 13−1{}= 11, \ 13^{-1}=7, 14−1{}= 7, \ 14^{-1}=14{}= 14
  4. Multiplication modulo 15 is associative.

Part (c)1 mark

  1. 0 has no inverse: 0×a≡00 \times a \equiv 0, never 1.

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Groups

Not needed for Year 12Hard

Lagrange's theorem · Year 13 · 7 marks

GG is the group {1,2,…,6}\{1, 2, \dots, 6\} under multiplication modulo 7.
  1. (a)
    State the possible orders of the subgroups of GG, giving a reason.
    (2)
  2. (b)
    Show that 3 is a generator of GG.
    (2)
  3. (c)
    Hence find the subgroup of GG of order 3.
    (2)
  4. (d)
    Explain why GG has no subgroup of order 4.
    (1)
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Part (a)2 marks

  1. 1,2,3,61, 2, 3, 6
  2. By Lagrange's theorem the order of a subgroup divides ∣G∣=6|G| = 6.

Part (b)2 marks

  1. Check the powers, or check gᵈ ≠ 1 for the proper divisors d.3k≢1 for k<6, 36≡13^k \not\equiv 1 \text{ for } k < 6, \ 3^{6} \equiv 1
  2. ord(3)=6\text{ord}(3) = 6

Part (c)2 marks

  1. An element of order 3 is g6/3g^{6/3}.32≡23^{2} \equiv 2
  2. {1,2,4}\{1, 2, 4\}

Part (d)1 mark

  1. 4 does not divide 6.

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